This function was really fun to make and solve mistakes inside its code. Its name
abroad (behind or outside border) is tantamount with my opinion - this function really deviate from common functionality
range() function offers. The argument, which led me to start building my own version of
range() function is because I am reluctant to use this function for no reason totally! I typically just
resigned from using combination
range(len()) in favor of this function. Moreover, this function solves several problems I was struggling with, like in class method
Tense.probability(). What's interesting, inner code of
abroad() function has lack of
for loops
(only
while) and there are no invocations (even one) of
range()! Since I referred to
range() function (which is actually a class, we just call its
constructor to create sequence), below there are differences concerning both
abroad() and
range() functions:
abroad() function is implemented (what means it is written in a non-stub file) and by then has no overloads, meanwhile range() function has 2abroad() function returns mutable sequence of integers, meanwhile sequence returned from range() function is immutable. That means abroad() function may return its sequence slower than
range() functionabroad() function supports types range() function doesn't, abroad() function supports range class itselfabroad() function can have first parameter negative without returning empty sequence (counts towards -1)
Because
abroad() function returns a sequence, you can use it in
for loop as well:
for i in abroad(...). Now time for some examples:
(1, 6)
This will work identically as
range(1, 6), returning sequence with following values
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. Next example:
([x for x in (1, 6)])
returns list with items
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]; notice double invocation of function
abroad()!
Notation abroad(abroad(1, 6)), as well as abroad([x for x in abroad([x for x in abroad(1, 6)])]), aren't recommended, because you can be crazy and expand these, like these:
abroad([x for x in abroad([x for x in abroad([x for x in abroad([x for x in abroad(1, 6)])])])]) and abroad(abroad(abroad(abroad(1, 6)))).
They don't make sense, although returned list will be always [0, 1, 2, 3, 4] for both these examples anyway.
But what, if you did it like this?
(range(1, 6))
Secret goes deeper there:
range, which IS a class, is supported by
abroad() function. Because
range() returns immutable sequence,
abroad() coerces it to mutable (list).
This astonishing combination also returns sequence
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5], just as in the first example.
Combination abroad(range()) isn't a good idea. Support for range class is provided indeed, but even that with additional parameter (meaning range()), results may be unpredictable and
probably not the ones you might wait for. For example: abroad(range(5, 13), 13) would return list [7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12], because first code calculates size of sequence
returned by range() function (there 7, because 13 - 5 - 1 = 7), and it is treated as start point, then normally goes up to stop point (there 13). However, if you still feel like experimenting with combination
abroad(range()), I highly recommend you to use notation abroad(range(x)) (where x is stop point in range()). This simultaneously allows to cast immutable sequence returned
by range() to mutable one (list).
If you added fraction or put floating-point number in overall, into the second parameter from first example, like in the following examples:
import math
(1, 6.01)
(1, math.sqrt(37))
(1, math.cbrt(217)) math.cbrt(x) is not accessible before Python 3.11, use math.pow(x, 1/3) instead
since 0.3.26c2 the Tense.cbrt (Math.cbrt) method satisfies this requirement
all of these will return list with items:
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. Interesting, is it? If floating-point number occurs as second parameter, inner code of
abroad() function will either round that number up (if that
number is positive) or down (if negative). But in case of first and third parameters, fraction is only truncated, so even this:
(6.01)
will return list with items:
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. To produce sequence for 1 to 5, we can also append number of not-that-seen type
complex:
(16j)
This example returns list:
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. Real and imaginary parts of number type
complex are truncated. Now time for something
range() function doesn't support with first parameter,
that is counting backwards...
(6)
Meaning
backwards I should have mainly referred to sequences, even that, this variation will return list with values:
[-6, -5, -4, -3, -2, -1]. If you invoked
range() with
-6, as in the example
above, you will simply get empty sequence. In case of sizeable objects you can do it like this:
from aveytense import
((joyful))
String
"joyful", which has size
6, is computed by
reckon() function, then size becomes negative (
-6 due to minus before invocation of
reckon() function). What that means, resulted
list will also have items for -6 to -1.
Same as in case of combination abroad(range()), you might become confused in case of integer lists, tuples, deques, sets, frozen sets etc. because code does not sum their items' values, but uses their size. So
be cautious there!
As a fan of mysterious results of
abroad() function, there are following examples with
range() as first argument:
(range(13), 13)
(range(13), 13.24)
(range(13), 13, 2)
(range(0, 13, 2), 13, 2)
1st example will return empty list, 2nd will return with one item:
13, 3rd also will return empty list, finally 4th is more complex, but not impossible to examine:
[7, 9, 11] (assuming items returned
by
range() function:
0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, hence start point equals 7). Size of sequence returned by
range() you can also evaluate, dividing 13 by 2 and rounding received number up.
Class method
Tense.abroadBinary() returns each integer as a binary string, in a string list. Syntax and example below:
from tense import
Syntax; since 0.3.25
.Binary(value1, /, value2?, modifier?, include_0b?)
include_0b (boolean) - defaults to True. Adds "0b" preceding every returned string
Example
.Binary(12) 00001, 00010, 00011, ...
Class method
Tense.abroadConvect() does simple math operation before returning integer list: sums every value passed to this method. Syntax and example below:
from tense import
Syntax; since 0.3.25
.Convect(*values)
values - Values to be added. Those can be ones as ones from "value1" parameter from normal abroad() function
Example
.Convect(35, joyride, 7.2, 2312j, (reckon, abroad))
In the following example, 35 + 7 (size of string
"joyride") + 7 (fraction is truncated) + 23 + 12 (both real and imaginary parts of number type
complex will also lose fraction) + 2 (size of tuple with
items
"reckon" and
"abroad") = 86, so this method will return list:
[0, 1, 2, 3, ..., 83, 84, 85]. If result was negative, list will stop at -1 (same as
abroad()), that would
be:
[-86, -85, -84, ..., -3, -2, -1].
Class method
Tense.abroadEach() was
experimental feature to 0.3.26a4, which has to return either integer or float list, depending on returned value from callback parameter
each. Syntax and
example below:
from tense import
Syntax; since 0.3.25
.Each(value1, /, value2?, modifier?, each?)
each (lambda/callable) - defaults to None. Additional operations on the integers. Must return either int or float
Example
.Each(12, eachlambda x: .cbrt(x)) every element taken on Tense.cbrt method operation
Class method
Tense.abroadFloaty() returns float list. Every integer will be divised by number from
div parameter. Syntax:
Tense.abroadFloaty(value1, /, value2?, modifier?, div?). Default value for
div parameter is
10.
Class method
Tense.abroadHex() returns each integer as a hexadecimal string, in a string list. Syntax:
Tense.abroadHex(value1, /, value2?, modifier?, mode?). Special parameter
mode determines about
hexadecimal string formatting before whole list is returned. If parameter
mode has value 0, every string will have
0x preceding; it faciliates casting to integer type. If parameter
mode has value 1,
every string will have
# (hash) preceding; reference from CSS. Value 2 does not modify the returned strings.
Class method
Tense.abroadImmutable() treats returned sequence as immutable (a tuple). With parameters it matches
abroad() function.
Class method
Tense.abroadInside() puts integers in the string passed to parameter
string, inside curly brackets (
{}). Syntax:
Tense.abroadInside(value1, /, value2?, modifier?, string?). If
string is of type
None, method will return only integers in strings. Otherwise method will attempt to format the passed string.
Class method
Tense.abroadLive() is a concept from non-monotonous sequences in math. Like graph, which changes per time. Syntax:
Tense.abroadLive(*values). Every next value define new points to follow.
Class method
Tense.abroadNegative() changes all returned integers to negative. With parameters it matches
abroad() function.
Class method
Tense.abroadNegativeFlip() changes all returned integers to negative, then reverses their order. With parameters it matches
abroad() function.
Class method
Tense.abroadPack() returns sequence of integers determined by least sized objects passed to parameter
values. Syntax:
Tense.abroadPack(*values).
Class method
Tense.abroadPositive() changes all returned integers to positive. With parameters it matches
abroad() function.
Class method
Tense.abroadPositiveFlip() changes all returned integers to positive, then reverses their order. With parameters it matches
abroad() function.
Class method
Tense.abroadPrecede() puts integers after the string passed to parameter
prefix. Syntax:
Tense.abroadInside(value1, /, value2?, modifier?, prefix?). If
prefix is of type
None, method will return only integers in strings. Defaults to
None.
Class method
Tense.abroadSplit() returns duodimensional integer list, which inner lists size is determined by parameter
limit. It's default value is
2. Syntax:
Tense.abroadSplit(value1, /, value2?, modifier?, limit?).
Class method
Tense.abroadSufcede() puts integers before the string passed to parameter
suffix. Syntax:
Tense.abroadInside(value1, /, value2?, modifier?, suffix?). If
suffix is of type
None, method will return only integers in strings. Defaults to
None.
Class method
Tense.abroadVivid() returns duodimensional list basing on values passed to parameter
values. Syntax:
Tense.abroadVivid(*values). More explanation about the method will be given soon.